Network Expansion free essay sample

Kathy Kudler has operated between each store, and there has been no one location to call home for a main or corporate office. A central server location will enhance her operation by pulling not only all her store locations, employees outside the store environment. A new IT department and a new management office will also open as Kathy Kudler’s new home base. This also means connecting those departments to other services or locations that will not be at the main location but remain at the store level. Each stores local office will remain open. Kudler Fine Foods will be expanding and so the ground work must be prepared. Communication protocols and standards are required for any business or company in need of order in their network. Standards and protocols work hand-in-hand and provide a set of rules at communication end-points and specify interactions between communications points. As each part of the network process has their own standards and protocols, specific descriptions will be detailed with each process or hardware depiction. We will write a custom essay sample on Network Expansion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A larger upgradable network with a separate location to house servers, and includes an IT department and a management operations department, will be located behind the La Jolla store. This existing structure is owned by Kudler Fine Foods and all the current tenants have moved and no leases were renewed. Now this space will serve as the new main or corporate office and Kathy Kudler’s new home base. Kathy chose La Jolla for its central location and office space behind this store. There are many types of networks for different types of industry. PSTN would not be a good choice for Kudler Fine Foods because this business is too large and PSTN along with ISDN would not be viable choices. ISDN is a type of PSTN currently only used in Europe. A WAN Cloud with specific specifications has the perfect list of ingredients for a reliable network. Current Network Detail La Jolla Store POS Server (X1-Novell 4. 11) POS PII Win9x (X4 PC Work Stations) UPS Standalone (X1) PII 64mg RAM Win 9x w/Office 97 (Server) XLS Inventory Spreadsheet, External CD Bruner (X1 PC) Bubble JET Printer. PII w NT Server, IIS4 Winfax Pro Built in modem and CD ROM reader (X1 PC) 56k Modem (X1) Internet – Connected Del Mar Store POS Server (X1-Novell 4. 11) POS PII Win9x (X4 POS Work Stations) UPS Standalone (X1) PII 64mg RAM Win 9x w/Office 97 (Server) XLS Inventory Spreadsheet, External CD Bruner (X1 PC), bubble JET Printer. PII w NT Server, IIS4 Winfax Pro Built in modem and CD ROM reader (X1 PC) 56k Modem (X1) Internet – Connected Encinitas Store POS Server (X1-Novell 4. 11) POS PII Win9x (X4 PC Work Stations) UPS Standalone (X1) 56k Modem (X1) Internet – Connected The current specifications above are an inventory of what Kudler Fine Foods is using today. The first area we looked at was a weak Internet connection. Once this feature is brought to Standard, the possibilities are actually endless. Encinitas store has not been upgraded to support its growing need. This will also be a part of the network upgrades and system renovations. Proposed Network Elements The hardware and software are needed to secure an easily developable network and be protected against electronic threats. Juniper Developer Networks was chosen to be the new network hardware supplier. I will be proposing the use of frame relay for dedicated connections between each store and the new main office, behind and attached to the La Jolla store. All three stores will have one connection each to this main hub. The company inventory server located at the Del Mar store will be online and accessible to every store location along with every POS terminals in every store so that inventory is live. All store locations will have password security so that every employee transactions are recorded no matter if they are in the store or the corporate office. Product Description Juniper Networks SSG, ISG appliances will supply Kudler Fine Foods with the new Juniper Network is open and set apart by original functions. Juniper Networks ® Junos ® Software Development Kit (SDK) is used to develop all the applications within the new Juniper Network. This will operate on the network device layer in the Junos OS platform [1]. The Junos OS will enhance any applications by running them on the services planes directly in the system is connected to the network. The APIs exposed in Junos SDK let applications use the network and its traffic in exciting and original ways. This OS can be unified across the entire Juniper routing, switching, and security portfolio [1]. JDK further evolves Junos network operating system into a platform whose popularity can be used by application developers. A trusted platform is crucial. The Junos SDK enhances the strength and protection and network programmability and smarter functions for the networks users. Also included are the Routing Engine SDK APIs and tools to build the applications that handle the control plane software in the routing engines. These engines are internal and ready to deploy and therefore do not need to be added separately. User applications are already included as this network was built for small and medium size companies and Kudler Fine Foods qualifies as the perfect company in need of this organized and efficient network [1]. [pic] Current Network Topology Kudler Fine Foods has a network in need of a broader connectivity and upgraded to a smarter way of doing business. All departments will be interconnected and have direct access as pertains to their need. This will help the employees operate with more automation and ease. Store location managers do their own ordering directly with local supply companies and Kathy Kudler takes care of unique, capital or repair items. Kudler Fine Foods Database, Accounting, Human Resources, Operations, Sales and Marketing, Finance and Accounting, Administration, including each store location, are not interconnected to each other. Making Kudler Fine Foods a comprehensively connected company will be simpler as future growth has been forecast so that future needs will be clear and the beginnings of a good start in that direction. Designating a â€Å"Home Base† for new servers is important in the beginning during research. Any other spaces or room that will be a need with any network growth is always scouted out in the beginning phases of any new project. The design will accommodate any possible future expansion. Kudler Fine Foods’ specific request to be ready for growth is always in the forefront of this project. Each store is run and operated within their own locations and has five departments. Those consist of Bakery, Meats, Produce, Cheese and Diary, and Wine. The POS system in place for all three stores helps track inventory, purchasing and sales. Smith Systems Consulting, who is contracted by Kudler Fine Foods, chose, installed and maintains the Retail Enterprise Management System. More research will to be done to determine the needs within the company network for this contractor. Applicable Standards. Security standards are addressed specifically under Network Security but also under the Applicable Standards section of this project and where ever else security is, to clarify any needs or restrictions that should be addressed for that section. When a network grows it is imperative that customer information is protected. Employees will also have security guidelines to operate by and adhere to secure measures in place. Ongoing updates are distributed and learned. A complete section on all types of security precautions for in-company data, protection, and log-ins will be addressed. Decision-making protocols will also be created for any new and current procedures to ensure that all locations go by the same company practices. Most important, it is necessary to make certain the fortification, veracity, and dependability of all company information, including research, monetary, private, operational, confidential data, or anything belonging to Kudler Fine Foods. IT is responsible for the care of all equipment handling and ensures no misuse. Standards related to networks are basic rules that commissions govern. This is so in the case of computer hardware and software of any kind. No matter the brand or type, standards help ensure that most hardware and computers operate the same so they can effectively communicate with one another. Kudler Fine Foods IT department will be a part of the changes requested for better optimization. An external WAN will be set up to bring all three store locations together. Then a WLAN connection will be set up within each store location. A VOIP will also be incorporated into the multi-store network. The network will also be expandable for future locations and growth. Network standards are also ground rules set by commissions so that hardware is compatible among similar computers and assures interoperability. This is done so that there is compatibility between vendors. It is necessary to have network standards and protocols as they are what allow any brand to communicate with each other. Network Architecture Junosphere does not support the Serial or POS interfaces. In order for this to work all of the links have to be migrated to Gigabit Ethernet and a point-to-point GE link between all of the stores and the main server location. Next is the layer configuration with core interfaces and loopback with IS-IS-related and will have multiple routing instances for each routing protocol. The merging of routes from multiple routing instances will have proper import and export policies. Any configurations needed, can be done with protocols ISIS configuration block. For all of this to function, the Family ISO must be enabled on the interfaces on which you want IS-IS to run. This is data-plane configuration and is a must for this to work correctly. After this is done, L1, L2, L3 and L4 will work and connection can be established between all routers in this network. [pic] [pic] Traffic Analysis Traffic analysis is for any inbound messages as it tracks abnormalities. Deflects bad things from getting into the network and is a type of security for the network. Even if a message is encrypted, this type of analysis sees abnormality patterns. Patterns tell what behaviors are happening. This type of analysis tells what times are the busiest or if someone is trying to get into the network for whatever reason. The translation of latency, response time or packet loss and jitter are all pertinent value meters that understand and determine the value of a network. Then any future determinations can be used for future network growth. Performance is key and so this type of analysis is valuable. A company has to determine how they will interact with vendors outside the company, what employees in the corporate office have access to and POS access for store employees. There are many questions and investigative research that has to occur for proper set up of any network changes. All systems need to be monitored to prevent any security disasters. Volume versus Reliability Measuring traffic flows is another marker looked at so that not only will traffic is moving at a â€Å"normal† speed and calculates high traffic times and low traffic times. Downtimes are caught and error data is gathered. There are two important types of traffic analysis that should be done, one is specific security assaults on the network and next is customer traffic and accessibility. Firewalls are also inside the modems for extra protection. This protects from attacks from viruses and hacking. Human resources, accounting, and the customer database are all important reasons to have all the best security in place. The customer database is the most important in keep customers coming back because they know when a purchase is made at any store location that all security protection is used. Data Rates I have included a diagram showing the highest data rates in Mbps for Ethernet and WiFi equipment values. For these values, no one ever achieves that rate and will only get up to 50% of that value. This is due to network, software and hardware costs [1]. [pic] Network Availability Network up time is key for all the store locations POS systems. This system can work when offline and stores data for any down time. The main WAN cloud has more than a few options to keep connected for each connection type. Proposed WAN Cloud with ATM and FRAME capabilities with MPLS and SONNET/SDH. This will cover all of this business connection requirements. This secures that data will be held until a line of communication is done. This ensures there is almost no data loss. Centralized computer systems are acceptable for a company that has one or more office centrally located. Distributed systems are good and can be connected to a centralized system. Not only is need considered but physical anomalies are abundant. Compatibility Junosphere does not support the Serial or POS interfaces. In order for this to work all of the links have to be migrated to Gigabit Ethernet and a point-to-point GE link between all of the stores and the main server location. Next is the layer configuration with core interfaces and loopback with IS-IS-related and will have multiple routing instances for each routing protocol. The merging of routes from multiple routing instances will have proper import and export policies. Any configurations needed can be done with protocols is-is configuration block. For all of this to function, the Family ISO must be enabled on the interfaces on which you want IS-IS to run. This is data-plane configuration and is a must for this to work correctly. After this is done, L1, L2, L3 and L4 will work and connection can be established between all routers in this network. Wide Area Networks LAN is a local area network that can be set up within a company. This type of connection connects all employees can communicate quickly and easily with each other. Although Kudler Fine Foods operated with this type of connection internally within each store and, the speed was very fast, a more elaborate network set up was needed. There were only bits and pieces that need to be brought together to make a more secure network with the ability to grow and optimize its network performance communications and therefore the business will be able to grow without any hindrances [1,3]. WAN is a wide area network that will be set up for KFF. This is a better set up to use with the size network that will be installed at the KFF La Jolla store. There is a small two story building behind the La Jolla location of Kudler Fine Foods that will serve as the main location for Central Services where the new IT department will be housed. Office will be built out to accommodate an IT department and regular office area for the corporate/main office employees. This wide area network will connect the La Jolla, Del Mar, and Encinitas offices to the main hub at the La Jolla corporate/main office [1,3]. WLAN is a wide local area network that each KFF store location. This connection will be used to conned to the main WAN for any kind of communication needed [1,3]. [pic] Concepts and Building Blocks Today’s data communication networks, such as switches, routers, and cabling. Switches LAN switches are low cost and have amplified bandwidth for all end users. There are several ports that can be utilized and since this is a dedicated channel, every user has a larger bandwidth to operate with. All of the new connections with in KFF will have internal bandwidth protocols set for each stores particular need [2]. Router Routers are used to make smaller networks into bigger networks. Routers are also used to route data such as packets toward multi-output trails. This device operates on layer 3 as it reads network addresses and detects the connection point at the other end. This intern, cuts down on broadcasting squall and does not proliferate them. Routers also act as firewalls in LANS and thus are associated with traffic filtering and isolation. This means that routers make forwarding decisions and also decides what paths it wants to disable in the process. Routers may select the path but not the speed. Outbound and inbound hardware will dictate the speed and use the quickest speed between the two. Routers and modem routers support protocols but modem routers can support multiple and some just one and each one has its own internal routing table [2]. Cabling The subsequent cable types listed are what is available and is noted in ANSI/TIA/EIA 568-A: Category 1 Cat 1 cable is intended for tone of voice only but with new technologies, extended array Ethernet and DSL can move at 10MPps and quicker. Category 2 Cat 2 cable houses up to 4Mbps and is related with token-ring LANs. Category 3

Achilles as a Classical Hero

Achilles as a Classical Hero Introduction Under classical mythology, one can define a hero as a courageous individual with great strength, widely known and celebrated by his society for his actions which portray exceptional boldness.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Achilles as a Classical Hero specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In literature, a hero simply means a person with a character that people need to admire or emulate. S/he therefore possesses all the ideals celebrated, valued and articulated by his/her culture. Heroes exist in all fields; for example, in politics, sports, and struggle for freedom among others. Be it in classical mythology, ordinary literature, or any other field, a hero must possess ordinary characteristics that no other person possesses. Since the judgment of heroic deeds lies in the culture that shapes an individual, different cultures value different traits in their heroes. In literature circles, heroism emanat es from both the culture of the author and the culture to which the hero belongs. Heroism not only focuses on the actions of an individual, but also the reasons behind their actions. According to the Greek culture, a hero must be a man with exceptional warrior characteristics; he should stand above other warriors in the society in all aspects; he must not only show warrior characteristics, but should also be intelligent and good in speech; he should endeavor to shun anything that intends to spoil his repute as a good warrior and finally he should have greater strength and courage than his fellow warriors who should freely acknowledge that he is the best warrior amongst them. These exceptional qualities make him legible for crowning as a leader. In the Greek history, a story is told of a man, Achilles, who possessed characteristics that the Greek culture reserved to heroes. A study of the Greek culture and its comparison to Achilles gives an important revelation: Achilles is a classi cal hero. This essay focuses on Achilles’ deeds and how they contributed towards his heroism. Achilles Heroic Characteristics Achilles is a swift runner. According to Lowrey, this character of swiftness comes out when â€Å"epithets referred to him as a man who was swift footed† (2). Swiftness is an important characteristic for individuals with the desire to excel in war or any other form of physical confrontation. With swiftness, one is able to easily capture or flee from an enemy during war. Besides, such people are able to perform better during competitions aimed at searching for true heroes of a given society. As a result, warriors all over the world cherish this trait and it is through it that Achilles gets crowned as a hero.Advertising Looking for research paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides swiftness, Achilles possesses the characteristics of courage. Courage, as a trait enables an individual to do what the ordinary person cannot do on the grounds that, it has negative possible consequences or evokes fear of injury or death (Anderson, 12). As a result, one can take up any challenge regardless of any negative impeding consequences of such actions. The spirit of courageousness enabled Achilles to fight his enemies without fear of possible injury or death. This character trait as a courageous man also enabled him to storm out twelve cities of men both by sea through his ships and by land. Honestly, this is not an easy task! No wonder some of his people describe him as a lion-hearted man. According to Redfield, it is Achilles’ courage â€Å"that made him face any body in battle without fear† (39). In some instances, it is evident that people knew him as a man who ruthlessly and courageously tore his opponents in battle. This task cannot be possible for a timid individual; therefore, because of his courageous nature, Achilles pas ses for a hero. Achilles’ heroic deeds made people revere him so much that they gave him godly characteristics. They regarded him as a man who commanded fear all over because his actions evoked feelings of fear and terror (Jaeger, 35). This attitude of people towards Achilles portrays him as a special man deserving a special kind of treatment. His ability to break his opponents when at war and his physical superiority over all other warriors paints a picture of someone who elicits fear at his appearance. The fact that all other warriors fear and consider him as the best warrior explains why the society treats him with much reverence; he is a classical hero. Besides the reverence that people have towards him, Achilles has always been a source of fear before his enemies. This trait has always made him scary before his opponents. One of the goddesses in the Greek culture, goddess Hera reveals that the Trojans, who are rivals to Achilles’ community, tremble at the mention of Achilles. In yet another instance Patrocus refers to Achilles as a man â€Å"who is by far greater than the Achileans† (Lowrey, 2). As such, Patrocus says that none of the Achileans can surmount any kind of physical challenge to him. Such a statement not only cements the godly character of Achilles, but also confirms people’s belief in him as a man with significant superiority over his peers and opponents where it really matters. Based on these two instances it is quite clear that Achilles is a hero.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Achilles as a Classical Hero specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The experience that Achilles undergoes while in Combat clearly brings out his heroic characteristics. As Achilles describes his combat experiences, the audience feels how he was â€Å"devoted to his people, fighting on their behalf to ensure that they enjoy their lives† (Lowrey, 3). In his expla nation, it is evident that Achilles spent so many sleepless nights throughout the time of war. He even loses his own blood during the war on behalf of his people; however, this damaging event or his weariness could not discourage him from fighting for the wellbeing of his people; a true character of a hero. He instead, continues to fight on without any fear of injury or death till the end of the war. From these actions, it is vivid that Achilles was a man with exceptional character and deserved to be honored as a hero. While in Combat, Achilles also reveals that all his selflessness and determination in war have seen him through difficulties. Selfness as a character trait refers to the ability of an individual to care not only about his own welfare, but also the welfare of others who are bound to benefit from his/her efforts no matter how small they may be. From the way Achilles describes his life during the war, one can tell that he possessed a selfless character. This selfless cha racter clearly comes out during the war period. Referring to this period, Achilles says that he put â€Å"everything aside and struggled with other warriors during the battle only for the sake of the women of his fellow men† (Seamus, 1883). The move by Achilles to consider the wellbeing of women belonging to other men exposes him as somebody who does not think of self gain out of his struggle. In addition, the fact that he is not married at the time of battle further proves that indeed, he is a selfless character. According to the Greek culture, selflessness is a trait of heroes; therefore, Achilles’ selflessness qualifies him to be a classical hero. Besides selflessness, Achilles possesses an enduring character. Endurance refers to the ability of an individual to persevere pain or suffering with the hope of achieving success in the end of the struggle. Achilles’ ability to endure comes out when he talks about the experience he had in Combat during the war time. During this trying period, he says that he spent sleepless nights for many days. This was because of his alertness against potential attack by their opponents and only endurance can help an individual to ward off sleep. Besides his sleeplessness, Achilles lost his own blood, not mentioning the pain he underwent through when he sustained the bloody injuries.Advertising Looking for research paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite these sufferings in sleeplessness and loss of blood through injury, Achilles continued to fight on for the welfare of his people and in the end, he won the battle. It is this relentless spirit that enabled Achilles to emerge victorious in many wars against their enemies and therefore, his perseverance during war portrays him as a classical hero. Finally, the case of Achilles and Agamemnon also proves Achilles’ heroic characteristics. Achilles’ acts of heroism had earlier won him a much coveted prize. It however emerges that Agamemnon tried to take this prize away from Achilles in exchange of expensive gifts; seven strongholds and a daughter of as wife. Conventionally, these attractive offers by Agamemnon would obviously compel Achilles to consider taking the gifts in lieu of the coveted prize. However, to the surprise of many, Achilles handles this situation in the most rational manner; using his intelligence, he discovers that accepting these gifts would serve to show his acceptance of Agamemnon’s superior status; therefore, he refuses to take the gifts and the bride offer and instead decides to protect his higher status of heroism. To Achilles, heroism consists not in the abundance of material things or wives per se, but in character; enduring character. Very few people can readily make such an informed decision. This intelligent move by Achilles is in line with what the Greece culture expects from heroes like him. Consequently, these adherences to the Greek cultural values that govern heroism help bring out Achilles status as a genuine hero. Conclusion Heroism is a highly coveted trait in all the cultures across the continents. Before the relevant authorities crown an individual as a hero, they consider his/her achievements which should be extraordinary. In one such culture, the Greek, heroism is a function of an individual’s intelligence, physical appearances, physical capability and his contribution as a warrior in the battlefield. The Greek culture also requires that as a hero, one should always be ready to guard his superior status no matter the consequences or benefits that one would gain by conceding his superiority. Achilles is a classical hero according to the Greek culture mainly because he possesses all the characteristics needed to qualify an individual as a true hero. Achilles has physical superiority, has outstanding warrior characteristics that his fellow warriors readily acknowledge and he is not ready to relinquish his superior status; not even with a promise of expensive gifts and a bewitching bride. Anderson, William S. The Art of the Aeneid. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1969. Jaeger, Werner. Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939. Lowrey, Belen. â€Å"The Hero as a Reflection of Culture.† Journal of Ancient Spartan and  Greek History 23.9 (2005): 1-12. Redfield, James. Nature and Culture in the Iliad. Chicago: The Unive rsity of Chicago Press, 1975. Seamus, Heaney. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2006. 1880- 1903.

Occupational health and safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Occupational health and safety - Essay Example OSH increases workplace productivity. This is because OSH stipulates that all organizations have the duty of care of ensuring that employees and other parties who may be affected by organizations undertaking are safe at all times. Moral obligations in this case involve the protection of the lives and health of employees. Because of measures that are put in place in respect to moral obligations, employees become less susceptible to injuries and harm and thereby making the realization of a more secure, sustainable and healthier workforce. This in turn leads to abated levels of absenteeism, heightened motivation and ultimately, improved productivity. It is against this backdrop for instance that the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EASHW) established the finding that for every Euro that is invested in OSH, the Return on Investment (ROI) that is realized falls between 3 and 5 Euros, due to reduced costs that stem from reduction in absenteeism. In the US, the issue of absent eeism is underscored by the data that released to the same effect. Specifically, the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics established that machine-related accidents and injuries alone claimed 64,170 cases that required long sick-offs, in 2008 alone. Similarly, more than a fourth of these injury cases required more than 30 days being spent away from work (Reese, 2008). The fact that following OSH stipulations entails the installation of workplace risk prevention and the enhancement of proper health and safety management means that cases dealing with serious harm and injuries on employees are assuaged. Cases where these injuries are commonly recurrent are concomitant with high employee turnover, as organizations are compelled to look for another source of manpower or skilled labor. Adhering to OSH in turn alleviates cases of terminal injuries and thereby reducing the chances of high employee turnover that would be incurred as an organization tries to replenish the size of its work force. In a closely related wavelength, adhering to the standards and stipulations set by OSH gives organizational productivity the quality of continuity and stability. With the aforementioned abated cases of injuries and harm on employees, a corporate entity is succored from the task of having to retrain and nurture fledgeling personnel to acquire the necessary skills and experiences that an injured team possessed. This is significant, since training and nurturing organizational workforce entails numerous workshop drives and training programs. Reese (2008) points out that an organization also benefits directly when it adheres to OSH regulations and standards. This benefit takes the form of increased security from the ravages of workplace accidents, malfunction and human error. This is because; OSH is broad enough to include interactions with other subject areas such as safety engineering, chemistry and industrial engineering. This is especially more pronounced in industries that ha ve inherently high proclivity to accidents such as mining, construction and crisis management which have over time developed safety procedures and methods as a way of managing physical danger at the workplace. For instance, since 1992, engineering workshops specializing in welding of components are to adhere to the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) regulations, and thereby curtailing high chances for

Fatigue in Adolescents with Cancer Literature review

Fatigue in Adolescents with Cancer - Literature review Example t which the literature highlights for adolescents surviving chronic cancers – tuberculosis, Melanoma, Leukemia, or Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (Carroll, 2010). According to the contemporary medical research, the chances of adolescent survival in cancers by psychological treatments have increased, due which the activities regarding understanding the psychological concepts â€Å"quality of life† have increased too (Kelly, 2008). The medical practitioners for bringing up the effective care have come along to understand adolescents’ psychosocial consequences in-relation to the quality of life for surviving the cancer (Kelly, 2008). This is to give a close understanding on the concept of QoL which significantly relates to the adolescents’ survivorship pattern (Elizabeth, 2011). Meanwhile, the other majority of the practitioners are on the basic treatment procedures. They are concerned about the reduction of pain, difficulty and physiological fatigue which a cancer pat ient normally carries (Eilertsen et al., 2012). The contemporary literature of medicines gives a subjective explanation about adolescents’ the quality of life in cancer. There is no specific or clear definition about the concept, therefore the literature sticks to give broad and subjective explanation about the concept of the quality of life (Gibson, 2003). From a broad view, QoL can be classified in two types, psychological QoL and physiological QoL (Eilertsen et al., 2012). In this way, the literature uncovers two basic classifications which indicate that when an adolescent is in the survivorship period, it has both psychological and physiological fatigues affecting his or her psychological and physiological qualities of life (Eilertsen et al., 2012). Cancer fatigue relates to the quality of life. It has a... This paper stresses that adolescents having cancer abide in the poor quality of life situation, as they are continuously intervened by most serious and severe disease – cancer. World Health Organization describes quality of life as a psychological situation in which the person is happy, satisfied and socially active. QoL is one psychological concept that relates to adolescents’ psychological and social life behaviors. In this way, the literature uncovers two basic classifications of QoL, which are psychological and physiological fatigues affecting patient’s psychological and physiological qualities of life. This report makes a concluison that in the modern research and understanding, there are different psychological affects which young cancer patients have during the survivorship. There are influences such as separation anxiety, depression, stress, and sometimes, fear and paranoia. It depends on adolescents’ cancer state and also on the coping capability that how the patient resists and restricts cancer at the time of development. The contemporary literature uncovers that there are late affects in adolescent cancer patients’ life, which changes their sociological setting. There are cases reported in which the social quality of life of children during cancer is highly affected. There are cases in which the young survivors face the problem in attaining â€Å"normalcy† as they are stuck in between living and surviving at the time of cancer development. The influences can be reduced, if each segment is doing well to bring the high in-depth support for the survivor in c ancer.

Historical Research Methods: Strengths and Weaknesses

Historical Research Methods: Strengths and Weaknesses What are the strengths and limitations of using biography, autobiography and oral history as historical sources? The combination of autobiography, biography and oral history is enrichment to the study of history through placing an emphasis on the role that personalities and individuals have in historical events.   They form important sources for historical study both primary and secondary. It has been claimed that the relative merits of biography and oral history, although intrinsically flawed, are an essential element in the writing and study of history. Oral history as a source can conceivably be controversial because it could be perceived as unreliable and mercurial.   Memory and the passage of time can intentionally or unintentionally, distort or omit details; seeming spontaneity in response can be over-elaborate or exaggerate an individuals contribution; oral dialogue can personalise events and confirm them but a personal perspective could also diminish and simplify the same events.   Interviews, despite possible lack of detail, lapses of memory and tricks of the imagination, give ac cess to a valuable historical source which could create a lost world. History is not just an evaluation of causes and consequences; it is also a study of human nature.   Autobiography, biography and oral history can give illustration and colour to what could be perceived as a dry and dusty subject.   They can add personal insight into an event and because of this they can also be unreliable.   They can modify or distort the truth according to the authors motives for writing the piece or agreeing to the interview. It could be argued that history is a record of human progress, achievements and endeavours so without the contribution of personalised accounts whether through oral recordings, biography or autobiography, the study and analysis of history would be a one-dimensional digest of facts.   History without some personal focus would be tedious and unbalanced; personal records prompt deeper historical reflection and research. Biography It is hard for the biographer, for instance, to rise above his own preconceptions and be truly objective. Biographies should be used as sources but it always should be borne in mind that they are often subjectively and not always objectively written. The one of the strengths of using biographies are that there is a direct focus on an event and the biographer might give an event more depth and detail than a general history book would and perhaps give it a human slant. Biographers can be biased, they are sometimes said to fall in love with their subjects. Whilst this maybe an exaggeration there is some truth in the fact that it is hard to be objective about a subject that the writer has analysed in depth and feels they understand.   Biographers are selective through necessity as no biography can ever be a full unvarnished story of a life.   In this selection the biographer has to make a decision as to whether he is judgemental or whether he presents a selection of facts from which his reader can form their own opinion of the subject.   In presenting such a selection, the biographer will be allowing his own views and background colour his choice. It is the attempt to be even-handed with the subject of the biography that can cause controversy as the biographer is accused of rehabilitating historys villains on one hand or denigrating its heroes on the other. Revisionist theories about notorious historical figures can cause outcry and condemnation as was well illustrated by David Irvings biography of Adolf Hitler. Even with all the problems, they still are a good source of information and the reader should always consider other books about the same person if they are unsure of the treatment of the subject matter. The wisest thing to do is to cross reference biographies/history books and use more than one source, in order to get a better and more informed opinion. Autobiography Autobiography can provide unique insights since nobody knows better than the subject about themselves. On the other hand they can be economical with the truth or written to cause sensation; the facts could be skewed because the writer will not doubt be attempting to present himself in the best light. It is also probable that only one point of view of events will be given so the account might not be well-balanced. That being said, autobiography is a good first source of information.

Ancient History Essay

Queens played great roles during the period of New kingdom Egypt. They were known as the Great Royal Wife’s of the pharaohs and contributed politically, religiously and diplomatically influencing the roles of women during this period, and even future queens. Queen Tiye was an important influence on new kingdom Egypt and was the key wife of Amenhotep III and they ruled a peaceful reign. Tiye was the daughter of Yuya which was a officer in the chariotry, priest of min and Tuya (chief of harem of Amun and min) which both had Nubian royal blood origins. Married at a young age, one year after he became pharaoh and gave her the title Great royal wife. Also gave birth to arkhenaten and other children. She greatly shaped foreign relations, religion and politics at the time. She also was greatly altered depictions of the queen in art. She was well educated, competent and complementary rather than dependant on her spouse Amenhotep III impacting the role of women during the period. Historian Robins highlights that the â€Å"king could renew himself through female principle†¦ important ritual roles† proving the queen was of key importance to the pharaoh. Tiye was Represented as the same size as her husband Amenhotep III and was considered to be a traditional queen. She was a leading figure in solar theology however more untraditional inclined changes came with iconography during her time as Great Royal Wife becoming increasingly equal to that of her husband. This proposed the idea that the role of the queen was becoming progressively more important, therefore the depiction of her in equal proportions to her husband suggests that the roles were becoming split between the pharaoh and the queen. Unlike other queens she was also frequently present in his monuments. She was besides her husband amenhotep III colossal statue in the Medinet Habu temple located in Western Thebes and was also the same size representing her equality. The cobra depicted them as powerful gods. She was glorified and praised by Amenhotep III which is proven by him building her the largest man-made pleasure lake in history, erecting a beautiful palace at one end. Art also depicted her in family scenes which previously were regarded as too intimate such as being Arm in arm(statues). Through the roles of Tiye, future queens Nefertiti and Nefertari we are able to observe the changing roles of queens influenced them and clearing path for them. The kings built temples to honour them and depicted them as goddesses. Queen Tiye played a great religious role and according to Historian Nicholas Grimal she was the personification of Maat goddess of justice and truth. She was also depicted as goddess ta weret in statues representing fertility and motherhood (mother of Egyptians). A temple was also dedicated to her in Sedianga(Nubia) meaning she was worshiped as a goddess. Commemorative and marriage scarabs were made for her publicising their marriage and promoting the pharaonic cult as everyone that attended received one meaning they would be remembered. She also participated in religious festivals such as the Sed festival. She also served as a priestess within Amun-Re suggesting that her religious roles were not extensive yet they were still an increase on the contributions to that of her predecessors. A Khan Academy Documentary by Beth Harris shows a headdress worn by Tiye that included horns solar disk, referring to the religion Atenism which is monotheistic and regal promoting the god Aten. Horns and Feathers on headdress also related to the goddess Hathor. Tiye Served for 50 years as queen advocating political stability, which was widespread and when Amenhotep III was ill she also maintained this stability. She was portrayed as the Sphinx in a pharonic stance which is evident in Tefnut. Meaning similar to the Sphinx Tiye hunts and protects people Egypt. A Steven Khan academy documentary highlighted Tiye’s stable ruling and the fact that she was important and knowledgeable, therefore her son Akhenaten depended on her and respected her, having her actively participate in politics and the affairs of royal court. She was respected and depended on, and in order to have her actively participate in politics and the affairs of the royal court, he elevated her to a goddess which is shown by the headdress she wore. (Same headdress mentioned above). Armana letters show her foreign and diplomatic power and that she conversed with hittites and mittani addressing diplomatic affairs which were a integral part of Tiye’s role and contribution. Evidence has made it clear that at least one foreign ruler wrote to her personally concerning matters of state and requesting her support. â€Å"Tushratta king of Mitanni† wrote to her personally(Amarna Letters) following death of her husband and other foreign rulers also wrote to her concerning matters of state or asking for support in requests for gold. Tushratta also wrote a letter to Queen Tiye after Akhenaten came to the throne, and in a later letter to Akhenaten, a reference to his mother is made in the opening paragraph outlining her importance to him. This illustrates the realisation of foreign powers regarding the growing importance and involvement of the queen concerning decision making in relation to Egypt, it also shows the power the queen was beginning to obtain over the pharaoh. She was also the first queen in Egypt to have name on official acts and announcement of the kings marriage to a foreign princess. The achievement, contributions and influence during the New kingdom period of Tiye differed according to their respective influences. Through the roles of Tiye, we are able to observe the changing roles of queens over time. Tiye was considered to be a traditional queen who greatly influenced queens to come by the power she held mainly politically and diplomatically. Over the time we are able to see that the roles had evolved . The roles contributions of queen Tiye during the new kingdom periods were defiantly an increase on that of queens before them, as they gained vital positions and roles as the Great Royal Wife and also achieved considerable increases in power over Egypt. Another influential Queen during this period was the wife of Akhenaten Nefertiti. She had a enormous influence on religion and politics in Egypt at the time. She was also depicted in art and played a vital role in her husbands reign and was given pharonic attributes. Nefertiti was seen to be more military minded, wearing the war crown and military skirts in images of her. She had a great religious role during the time while polytheistic tradition changed to a monotheistic ones. She supported the new monotheistic religion to such an extent that she changed her name to ‘Nefertieferuaten Nefertiti’. Many also believe she was the ‘brain’ behind the religious revolution. She Fully participated in religious ceremonies as seen in relics such as the Hewet-Benben temple in East Karnak. She made offerings to Aten like her husband and prayers were even offered to her. Nefertiti was the female principle of the trinity which the Egyptians prayed to, proving she was regarded as a god alongside Akhenaten and Aten. According to historian Anna Capel, Nefertiti wasn’t only a high priestess but acted as liaison between the people and Aten. Jimmy Dunn described them as the â€Å"primeval first pair† as Aten accessed through them influencing religion. Images of her as a goddess were found on the tomb of Akhenaten to protect him in the afterlife. In art depictions Nefertiti considered age of truth in natural state. Reliefs showed her in her natural state including her imperfections and showing her age. A new form of art by her also showed her in her natural state and allowed reveals of intimacy and informality, even affection and family scenes in which other queens had never been shown before. Her pharaonic power was shown as she was seen wearing crown of pharaohs which was regarded as controversial and contributed to the developing image of women in the royal family at the time which is a new form of art as highlighted by historian Jimmy Dunn. Politically Nefertiti was very powerful and had a great pharaonic role. Akhenaten stressed regalty by making her of equal power during processions. She was also depicted wearing the royal regalia and smiting enemies which proved her pharaonic role and was usually a symbol associated with the pharaoh. This influenced the image of women and queens during the time, impacting the traditional roles of queens, giving them more power. Many Historians such as John Harris agree that she shared a co-regency with Akhenaten towards the end of his reign, as the pharaoh Neferneferuaten as his equal. This is depicted by images of her Adjacent to Akhenaten as they received gifts. Historians also have a belief that her political role was so powerful that she was the successor Smenkhare. Nefertiti also had a diplomatic influence and was involved in political issues. This was shown through the letters of Amarna displaying communication with foreign kings and queens. She also received foreign tributes and envoys. This proves that she had the political power to interact and make vital diplomatic decisions influencing Egypt. In conclusion both Queens, Tiye and Nefertiti had vital contributions and impacts to New Kingdom Egypt as they played enormous religious, political and foreign roles and enhanced the equality between pharaohs and their queens and even women during the period.

Compiler

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD (Department of Computer Science) WARNING 1. PLAGIARISM OR HIRING OF GHOST WRITER(S) FOR SOLVING THE ASSIGNMENT(S) WILL DEBAR THE STUDENT FROM AWARD OF DEGREE/CERTIFICATE, IF FOUND AT ANY STAGE. 2. SUBMITTING ASSIGNMENT(S) BORROWED OR STOLEN FROM OTHER(S) AS ONE’S OWN WILL BE PENALIZED AS DEFINED IN â€Å"AIOU PLAGIARISM POLICY†. Course: Compiler Construction (3468)Semester: Autumn, 2012 Level: BS (CS)Total Marks: 100 ASSIGNMENT No. 1 Note: All questions carry equal marks. Q. 1(a)Define Compiler, using a diagram describes the three phases of analysis of source program. (b)Explain all the phases of Compiler. c)Consider the following grammar. S ? > XaYb X ? > bXc | b Y ? > dYa | d Find the first sets for each non-terminal of the given grammar. Q. 2(a)Explain the error detection and reporting mechanisms. (b)Write the intermediate representation code of the following position: = initial + rate * 60 Q. 3(a)Convert the following NFA into equivalent DFA using subset construction Algorithm. [pic] Note:Show all necessary steps that are involved in subset construction algorithm. (b) Convert the Following regular expression into NFA using Thompson’s construction. a ((b|b*c)d)* |d*a Q. 4(a)Given the following grammar. G > EE > T + E | T T > F * T | F F > a i) Is this grammar ambiguous? Explain! ii) Draw all parse trees for sentence â€Å"a+a*a+a†. (b) Consider the following grammar. S> A A> A+A | B++ B > y Draw parse tree for the input â€Å"y+++y++† Q. 5(a)Explain the role of the Lexical Analyzer and Parser in detail. (b)Differentiate between Top-down parsing and Bottom-up parsing. ASSIGNMENT No. 2 Total Marks: 100 Note: All questions carry equal marks. Q. 1(a)Rewrite the following SDT: A A {a} B | A B {b} | 0 B -> B {c} A | B A {d} | 1 so that the underlying grammar becomes non-left-recursive. Here, a, 6, c, and d are actions, and 0 and 1 are terminals. b)This grammar generates binary numbers with a â€Å"decimal† point: S-* L . L | L L-+LBB B -> 0 | 1 Design an L-attributed SDD to compute S. val, the decimal-number value of an input string. For example, the translation of string 101. 101 should be the decimal number 5. 625. Q. 2(a)Translate the following expressions using the goto-avoiding translation scheme. i)if (a==b kk c==d |I e==f) x == 1; ii)if (a==b II c==d || e==f) x == 1; iii)if (a==b && c==d kk e==f) x == 1; (b)Construct the DAG and identify the value numbers for the sub expressions of the following expressions, assuming + associates from the left. ) a + b+ (a + b). ii) a + b + a + b. iii) a + a + ((fl + a + a + (a + a + a + a )). Q. 3(a)Explain the following i)Back Patching ii)Procedure Calls (b)Generate code for the following three-address statements, assuming all variables are stored in memory locations. i) x = 1 ii) x = a iii) x = a + 1 iv) x = a + b v) The two statements x = b * c y = a + x Q. 4(a)The programming language C does not have a Boolean type. Show how a C compiler might translate if-statement into three-address code. (b)Construct the DAG for the basic block d = b * c e = a + b b = b * c a = e – d Q. (a)Generate code for the following three-address statements assuming a and b are arrays whose elements are 4-byte values. i)The four-statement sequence x = a [ i] y = b [ j] a [ i ] = y b [ j ] = x ii) The three-statement sequence x = a [ i] y = b [ i] z = x * y iii) The three-statement sequence x = a [ i] y = b[x] a [ i ] = y (b)Suppose a basic block is formed from the C assignment statements x = a + b + c + d + e + f; y = a + c + e; i) Give the three-address statements (only one addition per statement) for this block. ii) Use the associative and commutative laws to modify the block to use the fewest possible number of 468 Compiler ConstructionCredit Hours: 3(3, 0) Recommended Book: Compliers; Principles, Techniques, and Tools by Alfred V. Aho, Ravi Sethi, Jerrey D. Ullman Course Outlines: Unit No. 1 Introduction to Compiling Compliers, analysis of the source program, the phases of a complier, cousins of the compiler, the grouping of phases, complier-construction tools Unit No. 2 A Simple One-pass Compiler Overview, syntax definition, syntax-directed translation, parsing, a translator for simple expressions, lexical analysis, incorporating a symbol table, abstract stack machines, putting the techniques together Unit No. Lexical and Syntax Analysis Lexical analysis (the role of the lexical analyzer, input buffering, specification of tokens, recognition of tokens, a language for specifying lexical analyzers, finite automata, from a regular expression to an NFA, design of a lexical analyzer generator, optimization of DFA-based pattern matchers), syntax analysis (the role of the parser, context-free grammars, writing a grammar, top-down parsing, bottom-up parsing, operator-precedence parsing, LR parsers, using ambiguous grammars, parser generators) Unit No. 4 Syntax-Directed TranslationSyntax-direc ted definitions, construction of syntax trees, bottom-up evaluation of s-attributed definitions, l-attributed definitions, top-down translation, bottom-up evaluation of inherited attributes, recursive evaluators, space for attribute values at compile time, assigning space at complier-construction time, analysis of syntax-directed definitions Unit No. 5 Type Checking Type systems, Specification of a simple type checker, Equivalence of type expressions, Type conversions, Overloading of functions and operators, Polymorphic functions, an algorithm for unification Unit No. Intermediate Code Generation Intermediate Languages, Declarations, Assignment statements, Boolean expressions, Case statements, Back Patching, Procedure calls Unit No. 7 Code Generations Issues in the design of a code generator, The target machine, Run-time storage management, Basic blocks and flow graphs, Next-use information, A simple code generator, Register allocation and assignment, The dag representation of basic blocks, Peephole optimization, Generating code from dags, Dynamic programming code-generation algorithm, Code-generator generators Unit No. Code Optimization Introduction, The principal sources of optimization, Optimization of basic blocks, Loops in flow graphs, Introduction to global data-flow analysis, Iterative solution of data-flow equations, Code-improving transformations, Dealing with aliases, Data-flow analysis of structured flow graphs, Efficient data-flow algorithms, A tool for data-flow analysis, Estimation of types, Symbolic debugging of optimized code Unit No. Writing a Complier Planning a compiler, Approaches to compiler development, The compiler-development environment, Testing and maintenance, A Look at Some Compilers, EQN, a preprocessor for typesetting mathematics, Compilers for Pascal, The C compilers, The Fortran H compilers, The Bliss/11 compiler, Modula-2 optimizing compiler